![]() ![]() The offset location only lists the first byte in the array. The second set of eight are values for a Breton Female. The first eight values are stats for a Breton male. The base stat values are sorted first by Race, followed by Gender, and finally by Stat order. For example the Hit Die for each class is stored one after the other but sorted by the Class order Mage, Spellsword, etc. Values in the code will often be stored in an array with specific sort orders. However, in the case with those entries, the internal values round up to the same whole numbers. In some places in the code where these values were hand entered, like the monster stats, you will find a mix between calculating using 2.55 as well as 2.56. This is used to take the full range of values possible in a single byte (0x00.0xFF / 0-255) and convert it to a range of 0.100. This is primarily used in the values for stats. Often, after converting a hexadecimal byte to a decimal value, you must divide the decimal by 2.56 to arrive at the intended value. When using converters, enter the values without punctuation such as commas or parentheses. Dwords can be converted using a hex to dec converter, but as with words, you must enter the bytes from right to left. The example is a single dword (4D5A2001). A DWORD is two “words” (literally double-word), four bytes, or eight characters.The second word “2001” is entered into the hex converter as “0120” and converted to 288. The first word “4D5A” is entered into the hex converter as “5A4D” and is converted to 23,117. You can convert words using a hex to dec converter, but you have to enter the bytes from right to left. A WORD is two bytes or four characters.Just as combining decimals "10" and "10" are no longer two tens, but 1,010, combining "4D" and "5A" are no longer 77 and 90, but 19,802. Bytes can be converted using a hex to ascii converter, (M, Z, (space), (non-character)), or using a hex to decimal converter (77, 90, 32, 1). So the first section contains four bytes (4D, 5A, 20, 01). In the previous example the first section was “4D5A2001”. Generally the hexadecimal code is organized in sections of eight characters. A location in the hex editor as "00FD8" may be listed as Bytes, Words, and Dwords Offsets are sometimes listed with an additional prefix such as or and any preceding 0’s may be left off. A location reference is sometimes called an offset. The listing of the byte location for the character "D" was location "00006". Hex values are often listed with the hash or 0x prefix such as #4D or 0x4D and can be listed with lower-case letters as in 0x4d. This is important for understanding the locations, because you will often have to count, but you must remember to count in hexadecimal. The number fifteen is represented by “F” and incrementing one more to sixteen is represented by combining as in the decimal system. (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F) One value higher than nine is represented in the decimal system by combining "1" and "0" to make “10”, while incrementing one number higher than nine in the hexadecimal system is represented by the character “A”. (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) The hexadecimal system is based on sixteen characters. The decimal system is based on ten characters. While hexadecimal characters can represent text, they are actually numbers. The remaining three were converted into standard spaces for the example. The first example includes four spaces however, only the first space was an original ascii text character. ![]() It should be noted that what is presented in the text window depends on the font being used and some of the hexadecimal bytes will not represent any text character. If you enter “Hex to Ascii” in your search engine, you can find a converter to enter "44" which can be converted to ASCII (text) as “D”. This is a representation of the seventh byte in the hexadecimal window “44” and is at location “00006”. This is a representation of the first byte in the hexadecimal window “4D” and it is located at “00000” The seventh character in the text window is “D”. The first character in the text window is “M”. Opening the decompressed A.EXE file in a very narrow windowed hex editor you may be presented with the following: 00000 | 4D5A2001 7202440F | "MZ r D " This location marker is often displayed in hexadecimal format. ![]() A third window displays the location of the first byte (two characters) in the hexadecimal window which is also the first character in the text window. This is often organized in sections of eight characters each, while some editors show groups of two or four characters. A second window shows the lower level code presented in hexadecimal format. ![]() One window appears as a basic TEXT editor. When you open a file in a HEX editor you are often presented with three windows. 3.7 How do you make spells more powerful and cost less?. ![]()
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